@Zero Not really. In Survival, the only real goal is, well, to survive, otherwise you set your own goals. Given the open nature of the game, there's not too much sense of progression, though the more valuable materials like diamonds are found deeper in the ground / caves. However, you can sometimes find them in chests like in villages or mine shafts, so you may get some sooner.
That said, there is an "end" point, though you can of course still keep playing even after you beat it. If you want a set of goals, the general form of progression would be something like this (slight spoilers perhaps?):
-Gather wood to make shelter and starter tools
-Mine stone and coal to make stone tools and a furnace
-Find and mine iron to make iron tools and armor
-Find and mine diamonds to make diamond tools, armor, and an enchantment table
-Enchant tools and armor to make them better, use diamond pickaxe to mine enough obsidian to create a Nether portal
-Enter the Nether and locate a Nether Fortress, then defeat enough Blaze enemies to collect at least six (but preferably more) Blaze Rods
-Collect 12 Ender Pearls, then turn them into Eye of Ender using Blaze Powder (from Blaze Rods)
-Take the Eyes of Ender to a Stronghold and insert them into the End Portal located somewhere within it
-Enter the portal which takes you to a dimension called The End, then defeat the Ender Dragon
-Boom, The End
And that would be a goal-oriented progression of the game, but there are still plenty of other things you could do. For example, there are also End Cities hidden in The End that you could try to find, and they contain a rare item that allows gliding.
